![]() ![]() ![]() The market size for Li-ion batteries was at 36.7 billion dollars in 2019, and is projected at 128.3 billion by 2027 with a compounded annual growth rate estimated at 18% from 2020 to 2027, driven mostly by the shift from combustion engine vehicles to hybrid and electric transportation 2. Rechargeable batteries play a vital role in a green society for energy storage, consumption, and transportation. To meet the goal of carbon neutrality, replacing current reliability on fossil fuel with cleaner and renewable energy resources is urged. If elements are not aiming for noble gas structures when they form ions, what decides how many electrons are transferred? The answer lies in the energetics of the process by which the compound is made.The continuous growth of economics and global energy consumption has increased the CO 2 emission by 45% from 2000 to 2019 1. Negative ions are tidier! Those elements in Groups 5, 6 and 7 which form simple negative ions all have noble gas structures.That means that the only elements to form positive ions with noble gas structures (apart from odd ones like scandium) are those in groups 1 and 2 of the Periodic Table and aluminum in group 3 (boron in group 3 does not form ions).Apart from some elements at the beginning of a transition series (scandium forming Sc 3 + with an argon structure, for example), all transition metal elements and any metals following a transition series (like tin and lead in Group 4, for example) will have structures like those above. ![]()
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